For more than a thousand years, books have been the primary medium for the exchange of academic information, and the act of writing a book has been seen as the chief indicator that one has achieved academic status. Indeed, the terms “author” and “authority” both come from the same Latin root (augere: to increase, originate, or promote), and they are seen as integrally linked to one another both within the academy and also in popular culture. To be an author is to have authority, and this has been both the cause and the result of the mechanisms of authorship being available only to a limited few due to the procedural complexities that surrounded publishing as a business.
With the advent first of desktop publishing in the late 1980s, of the Web in the early 1990s, and finally of Web 2.0 technologies in the late 1990s, the barriers to authorship have become increasingly eroded. This has led to significant concern on the part of both publishers and academics who have watched traditional notions of authorship and authority become unsettled by new participants. Indeed, the accessibility of both content-creation tools and of high-speed networking has enabled those who were traditionally outsiders not only to participate in publishing but even to threaten some parts of the industry with displacement. Newspapers, for example, face a complex mixture of challenges generated by the increase in distribution channels and the increase in those new participants who are publishing “news.”
As converged technologies like the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad become increasingly available, driving a desire for increased content and increased opportunities to participate in content-creation, the broader publishing industry and the academy will face challenges similar to those currently faced by newspapers. However, this does not necessarily mean that the newspapers’ fate awaits publishing in general. Rather, if both publishers and the academy can creatively understand the challenges and opportunities offered by technological change (and the accompanying cultural change it generates), we could see a flourishing of content, a dramatically increased audience for that content, and an unprecedented opportunity to benefit from the energy brought by an array of new participants.
Two key challenges have faced the publishing industry and the academy over the greatest part of the last five-hundred years: the narrow channels that provide access to qualified authors and the narrowly-defined genres which confine those authors’ intellectual labors. Ironically, these mirror the challenges that authors face as they attempt to break into publishing — narrowness of access and narrowness of genre. The complex economics of serious publishing and the rigorous requirements of academic integrity mean that only those authors vetted through an arduous procedure of proposals, marketing- or peer-review, and editing are allowed to participate, and the works they produce must fit into either article- or book-length formats. Driven by the particularities of print publishing, these limits have been unavoidable in the past. More »